polypnea

The disease is characterized by a long incubation period as long as of six months and is manifested by anorexia, fever, dyspnea, polypnea, cough and nasal discharges, although arthritis occurs in young calves usually less than 6 months of age.

After administration of the snake venom, rats demonstrated polypnea accompanied by moist rales and increased heart rates, but no lethality was observed, indicating a successful establishment of the model.

However, higher concentrations will irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, resulting in cough and polypnea. The intake of high concentrations of acetaldehyde will make people sick, lose consciousness, contract emphysema, or even die from respiratory and cardiovascular failure [2].