Interestingly, profiles of
indoxyl sulfate clustered with this group of strong AhR agonists (Cluster 2).
The role of chemical toxicants in endothelial injury is also significant, including
indoxyl sulfate, nicotine, reactive oxygen, H[sub]2O[sub]2, and oxidative stress.
The plates were incubated in a microaerobic atmosphere at 41.5AdegC for 24h to 48h for examination of morphology, Gram staining, tests for catalase and oxidase, hippurate hydrolysis and hydrolysis identification of
indoxyl acetate.
This includes AGEs, cytokines, interleukins, TNFa, homocysteine,
indoxyl sulfate, kynurenic acid, leptin, p-cresyl sulfate, etc.
Like the plant, the bacteria produces a compound called
indoxyl, which is insoluble and cannot be used as a dye.
Indoxyl sulfate is a metabolite of tryptophan-derived intestinal bacteria.
Therefore, consumptive loss of fetuin-A caused by excess CPP formation and inhibition of production of fetuin-A in the liver by uremic toxins such as
indoxyl sulfate might also contribute to the high mortality in these patients [24].
Low urinary
indoxyl sulfate levels early after transplantation reflect a disrupted microbiome and are associated with poor outcome.
Indoxyl sulfate, a valuable biomaker in chronic kidney disease and dialysis.
The Production of p-Cresol Sulfate and
Indoxyl Sulfate in Vegetarians Versus Omnivores.