Given that 60% of bryophytes worldwide are
dioicous (Wyatt and Anderson 1984), most studies on sex ratios have been undertaken on
dioicous species, whilst monoicous species have been neglected.
Frullania brasiliensis is a
dioicous species that exhibits a wide range of morphological variation, resulting in a superposition of some characters with several other Neotropical species (Stotler, 1969).
Gametophytes, which may be either monicous or
dioicous, produce gametangia in modified apices.